Experimental constraints on fluid-rock reactions during incipient serpentinization of harzburgite
Klein, Frieder
2014-10-20
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10 records were found.
The objectives of this investigation were to: 1. (1) demonstrate the effectiveness of those refuse-disposal options which possess the facility for energy recovery: for each, an energy-audit approach has been undertaken to achieve this; and 2. (2) highlight those significant features which affect the net energy-outputs of different refuse-disposal options, whose benefits are assessed. Thus, six UK [`]waste-to-energy' facilities, which currently accept major quantities of refuse, were examined. In particular, a comparison was made between the net energy-outputs for two procedures: (i) urban incineration of refuse-derived fuel (RDF), and (ii) transferring the refuse, by rail, to a landfill site, from which appreciable quantities of landfill gas were recovered. The energy attractiveness of both incinerators and RDF plants were appreciably ...
A review of mathematical models for describing the behaviours of landfill-gas-producing sites is presented. Predictions obtained using one such simple model are compared with measured yields from several sites. Recommendations are made for improving the model's capability to predict accurately the landfill-gas yields from a site. A discussion of the influential parameters (e.g. biodegradable carbon-contents for the constituents of the buried refuse) is presented.
The rate of production of landfill gas (LFG) varies considerably from site to site. A major obstacle in determining the financial viabilities of proposed LFG utilisation schemes, for sites which are producing appreciable quantities of gas, is the current inability to forecast accurately the considered site's gas-production rate. In essence there are two techniques for determining a site's gas-production rate: 1. (1) The site's behaviour is modelled mathematically and the LFG production rate is predicted from the composition of the deposited waste and an understanding of how quickly the organic material decays to form LFG.2. (2) Gas-extraction flows and associated gas-pressure measurements are taken at the site. The second technique is preferable because more-accurate estimates can be made as to the mass of LFG likely to be produced per...
The contribution of methane from UK landfills is described in relation to total gas emissions to the atmosphere and how these have been shown to contribute to global warming. The known effects that methane has on the atmosphere are reviewed and the relationship to those effects caused by other greenhouse gases is described. A methodology utilized in assessing the quantity of landfill gas emitted from landfill sites is described, as are the main principles used in a gas generation model. Results of a survey, field trials and categorisation of the many types of site condition and waste mixtures are explainted, including the techniques incorporated into the model to allow a potential gas yield to be predicted. The factors that limit this potential yield of methane such as the oxidizing capacity of soil are identified and assessed. The pot...
A state-of-the-art review is presented for this relatively young technology. The study concerning the cost-effectiveness of land-fill gas, which was carried out by London Brick Landfill++ for Hampshire County Council, provides ample evidence that land-fill gas in the UK has a commercially viable future.
In order to correlate standard pumping-trial measurements and estimated gas-production rates, a rigorous correlation exercise was undertaken. Due to the increasing popularity of brief pumping trials, particular attention has been focused on the ability of these trials to predict accurately longer-term landfill-gas production rates.
The majority of UK landfills will probably require gas-control measures. By measuring site parameters and obtaining data from short-duration pumping trials, it is possible to predict the optimal spacing between wells for a landfill-gas (lfg) site. High [`]near-the-well' pressure losses were observed at nearly all sites.
The establishment of marine protected areas is often viewed as a conflict between conservation and fishing. We considered consumptive and nonconsumptive interests of multiple stakeholders (i.e., fishers, scuba divers, conservationists, managers, scientists) in the systematic design of a network of marine protected areas along California's central coast in the context of the Marine Life Protection Act Initiative. With advice from managers, administrators, and scientists, a representative group of stakeholders defined biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic goals that accommodated social needs and conserved marine ecosystems, consistent with legal requirements. To satisfy biodiversity goals, we targeted 11 marine habitats across 5 depth zones, areas of high species diversity, and areas containing species of special status. W e minimi...
