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Facial autonomic responses may contribute to emotional communication and reveal individual affective style. In this study, the authors examined how observed pupillary size modulates processing of facial expression, extending the finding that incidentally perceived pupils influence ratings of sadness but not those of happy, angry, or neutral facial expressions. Healthy subjects rated the valence and arousal of photographs depicting facial muscular expressions of sadness, surprise, fear, and disgust. Pupil sizes within the stimuli were experimentally manipulated. Subjects themselves were scored with an empathy questionnaire. Diminishing pupil size linearly enhanced intensity and valence judgments of sad expressions (but not fear, surprise, or disgust). At debriefing, subjects were unaware of differences in pupil size across stimuli. Thes...
We analyse the development of Green politics in Estonia from the Phosphate War of the late 1980s, through the virtual disappearance of the ecological dimension from the political scene, to the re-establishment of the Green Party in 2006. We put the ebb and flow of ecological politics into context and using macro- and micro-level data draw up a profile of the party’s electoral base. It is easier to establish what the Green Party is not than to describe exactly what it is. It is clearly not similar to the Green parties of Western Europe. The contexts in which the parties have developed has influenced their nature. The Estonian Green party differentiates itself from its namesakes in the West with regard to its political goals, placement on the Left-Right continuum and the characteristics of its voters. We contend that rather than belongin...
